定义Definition
分解反应是一种化合物分解成两种或两种以上较简单物质的反应(AB → A + B),通常需要加热、通电、光照或催化剂。
A decomposition reaction breaks one compound into two or more simpler substances (AB → A + B), usually driven by heat, electricity, light or a catalyst.
类型Types
热分解(CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂;2KClO₃ —MnO₂→ 2KCl + 3O₂);电解(2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂);光分解(2AgBr → 2Ag + Br₂,照相原理);催化分解(2H₂O₂ —MnO₂→ 2H₂O + O₂)。
Thermal (CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂; 2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂ with MnO₂); electrolytic (2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂); photochemical (2AgBr → 2Ag + Br₂, the basis of photography); catalytic (2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂ with MnO₂).
热力学Thermodynamics
大多数分解反应吸热、熵增(生成气体),因此在高温下才自发(ΔG = ΔH − TΔS)。少数分解剧烈放热,如硝化甘油、叠氮化钠(安全气囊)的分解。
Most decompositions are endothermic with entropy gain (gas evolved), so they become spontaneous at high temperature (ΔG = ΔH − TΔS). Some are violently exothermic — nitroglycerin, sodium azide (airbags).
历史与应用History and uses
普里斯特利(1774)加热氧化汞分解得到氧气;戴维(1807)电解熔融碱首次制得钾、钠。工业上石灰煅烧、电解水制氢、热分解制备金属氧化物和纳米材料都基于分解反应。
Priestley (1774) obtained oxygen by heating mercury oxide; Davy (1807) first isolated potassium and sodium by electrolysis. Lime burning, water electrolysis and thermal preparation of oxides and nanomaterials are industrial decompositions.
反应Reactions
加热、通电、光照或催化剂
Heat, electricity, light or catalysis
提供能量使化学键断裂。
Energy input breaks bonds.
生成较简单的产物。
Simpler products form.
普里斯特利实验。
Priestley’s experiment.
石灰煅烧。
Lime burning.
年表Timeline
- 1774
普里斯特利分解氧化汞得氧气
Priestley obtains oxygen from mercury oxide
- 1800
尼科尔森与卡莱尔电解水
Nicholson and Carlisle electrolyse water
- 1807
戴维电解制得钾、钠
Davy isolates potassium and sodium