双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
反应 · 普通化学 · 基本反应类型 General chemistry · Basic reaction types

分解反应Decomposition

拼音Pinyin fēn jiě fǎn yìng 别名Also 化学分解;decomposition reaction; chemical decomposition

定义Definition

分解反应是一种化合物分解成两种或两种以上较简单物质的反应(AB → A + B),通常需要加热、通电、光照或催化剂。

A decomposition reaction breaks one compound into two or more simpler substances (AB → A + B), usually driven by heat, electricity, light or a catalyst.

类型Types

热分解(CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂;2KClO₃ —MnO₂→ 2KCl + 3O₂);电解(2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂);光分解(2AgBr → 2Ag + Br₂,照相原理);催化分解(2H₂O₂ —MnO₂→ 2H₂O + O₂)。

Thermal (CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂; 2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂ with MnO₂); electrolytic (2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂); photochemical (2AgBr → 2Ag + Br₂, the basis of photography); catalytic (2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂ with MnO₂).

热力学Thermodynamics

大多数分解反应吸热、熵增(生成气体),因此在高温下才自发(ΔG = ΔH − TΔS)。少数分解剧烈放热,如硝化甘油、叠氮化钠(安全气囊)的分解。

Most decompositions are endothermic with entropy gain (gas evolved), so they become spontaneous at high temperature (ΔG = ΔH − TΔS). Some are violently exothermic — nitroglycerin, sodium azide (airbags).

历史与应用History and uses

普里斯特利(1774)加热氧化汞分解得到氧气;戴维(1807)电解熔融碱首次制得钾、钠。工业上石灰煅烧、电解水制氢、热分解制备金属氧化物和纳米材料都基于分解反应。

Priestley (1774) obtained oxygen by heating mercury oxide; Davy (1807) first isolated potassium and sodium by electrolysis. Lime burning, water electrolysis and thermal preparation of oxides and nanomaterials are industrial decompositions.

反应Reactions

AB ⟶ A + B

加热、通电、光照或催化剂

Heat, electricity, light or catalysis

  1. 提供能量使化学键断裂。

    Energy input breaks bonds.

  2. 生成较简单的产物。

    Simpler products form.

2 HgO △⟶ 2 Hg + O2↑

普里斯特利实验。

Priestley’s experiment.

CaCO3 高温⟶ CaO + CO2↑CaCO3 high T⟶ CaO + CO2↑

石灰煅烧。

Lime burning.

年表Timeline

  • 1774

    普里斯特利分解氧化汞得氧气

    Priestley obtains oxygen from mercury oxide

  • 1800

    尼科尔森与卡莱尔电解水

    Nicholson and Carlisle electrolyse water

  • 1807

    戴维电解制得钾、钠

    Davy isolates potassium and sodium