定义Definition
化合反应是两种或两种以上物质反应生成一种新物质的反应(A + B → AB),是中学化学四种基本反应类型之一。
A combination reaction is one in which two or more substances form a single new substance (A + B → AB); it is one of the four basic reaction types in school chemistry.
类型Types
单质 + 单质(2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O;Fe + S → FeS);单质 + 化合物(2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂);化合物 + 化合物(CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂;NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl;SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄)。有单质参加的化合反应一定是氧化还原反应。
Element + element (2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O; Fe + S → FeS); element + compound (2CO + O₂ → 2CO₂); compound + compound (CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂; NH₃ + HCl → NH₄Cl; SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄). Combinations involving an element are always redox.
能量Energetics
大多数化合反应放热(生成更稳定的化学键),但也有吸热的(如 C + CO₂ → 2CO,N₂ + O₂ → 2NO)。
Most are exothermic (forming more stable bonds), though some are endothermic (C + CO₂ → 2CO; N₂ + O₂ → 2NO).
与其他类型的关系Relation to other types
化合反应与分解反应互为逆过程;在有机化学中对应加成反应。四种基本类型(化合、分解、置换、复分解)不能涵盖所有反应(如 CO + CuO → Cu + CO₂ 不属于任何一种)。
Combination is the reverse of decomposition and corresponds to addition in organic chemistry. The four basic types do not cover all reactions (CO + CuO → Cu + CO₂ fits none).
反应Reactions
视具体反应而定(点燃、加热、催化剂)
Depends on the reaction (ignition, heat, catalyst)
反应物接触并克服活化能。
Reactants meet and overcome the activation barrier.
形成新化学键,生成单一产物。
New bonds form a single product.
镁带燃烧发出耀眼白光。
Magnesium burns with a dazzling white light.
年表Timeline
- 1789
拉瓦锡《化学基础论》按化合与分解描述反应
Lavoisier’s Traité describes reactions as combination and decomposition