定义Definition
加成反应是两个或多个分子结合成一个分子、不饱和键(C=C、C≡C、C=O 等)中的 π 键断开、在其两端各连上一个原子或基团的反应。按进攻试剂分为亲电加成、亲核加成和自由基加成,还有周环环加成。
An addition reaction combines molecules into one as a π bond (C=C, C≡C, C=O, …) opens and a new atom or group attaches to each end. By attacking species it is electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical, plus pericyclic cycloadditions.
按底物分类By substrate
烯烃、炔烃(富电子 π 键)主要发生亲电加成:卤素、卤化氢、水(酸催化)、硼烷;羰基(缺电子碳)主要发生亲核加成:氢负离子、格氏试剂、氰根、胺、醇;共轭烯酮可 1,2- 或 1,4-加成。
Alkenes and alkynes (electron-rich π) undergo electrophilic additions — halogens, HX, acid-catalysed water, boranes; carbonyls (electron-poor carbon) undergo nucleophilic additions — hydrides, Grignards, cyanide, amines, alcohols; enones add 1,2 or 1,4.
原子经济Atom economy
加成反应所有原子都进入产物,原子经济性 100%,是绿色化学最理想的反应类型(如乙烯水合制乙醇、乙烯与氯气生成 1,2-二氯乙烷)。
All atoms end up in the product — 100 % atom economy — making additions ideal for green chemistry (ethylene hydration, ethylene + Cl₂ → 1,2-dichloroethane).
与其他类型的关系Relation to other types
加成是消除的逆反应;加聚反应是重复的加成。中学化学中常与取代反应对比学习(乙烯使溴水褪色是加成,甲烷与氯气光照是取代)。
Addition is the reverse of elimination, and addition polymerisation repeats it. School chemistry contrasts it with substitution (ethene decolourising bromine water vs methane chlorination).
反应Reactions
视试剂而定
Depends on the reagent
试剂进攻 π 键。
The reagent attacks the π bond.
两端分别形成新的 σ 键。
New σ bonds form at both ends.
乙烯水合制乙醇。
Ethylene hydration to ethanol.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
π 电子进攻 H⁺,H 加到含氢较多的碳上
The π electrons attack H⁺; H adds to the carbon with more H
生成较稳定的仲碳正离子,Br⁻ 再进攻
The more stable secondary cation forms, then Br⁻ attacks
2-溴丙烷(马氏规则)
2-Bromopropane (Markovnikov)
年表Timeline
- 1870
马尔科夫尼科夫规则
Markovnikov’s rule
- 1933
卡拉施过氧化物效应(反马氏加成)
Kharasch’s peroxide effect (anti-Markovnikov addition)