双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
机理 · 有机化学 · 反应类型 Organic chemistry · Reaction types

加成反应Addition reaction

拼音Pinyin jiā chéng fǎn yìng 别名Also 加成; addition

定义Definition

加成反应是两个或多个分子结合成一个分子、不饱和键(C=C、C≡C、C=O 等)中的 π 键断开、在其两端各连上一个原子或基团的反应。按进攻试剂分为亲电加成、亲核加成和自由基加成,还有周环环加成。

An addition reaction combines molecules into one as a π bond (C=C, C≡C, C=O, …) opens and a new atom or group attaches to each end. By attacking species it is electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical, plus pericyclic cycloadditions.

按底物分类By substrate

烯烃、炔烃(富电子 π 键)主要发生亲电加成:卤素、卤化氢、水(酸催化)、硼烷;羰基(缺电子碳)主要发生亲核加成:氢负离子、格氏试剂、氰根、胺、醇;共轭烯酮可 1,2- 或 1,4-加成。

Alkenes and alkynes (electron-rich π) undergo electrophilic additions — halogens, HX, acid-catalysed water, boranes; carbonyls (electron-poor carbon) undergo nucleophilic additions — hydrides, Grignards, cyanide, amines, alcohols; enones add 1,2 or 1,4.

原子经济Atom economy

加成反应所有原子都进入产物,原子经济性 100%,是绿色化学最理想的反应类型(如乙烯水合制乙醇、乙烯与氯气生成 1,2-二氯乙烷)。

All atoms end up in the product — 100 % atom economy — making additions ideal for green chemistry (ethylene hydration, ethylene + Cl₂ → 1,2-dichloroethane).

与其他类型的关系Relation to other types

加成是消除的逆反应;加聚反应是重复的加成。中学化学中常与取代反应对比学习(乙烯使溴水褪色是加成,甲烷与氯气光照是取代)。

Addition is the reverse of elimination, and addition polymerisation repeats it. School chemistry contrasts it with substitution (ethene decolourising bromine water vs methane chlorination).

反应Reactions

C=C + X–Y ⟶ X–C–C–Y

视试剂而定

Depends on the reagent

  1. 试剂进攻 π 键。

    The reagent attacks the π bond.

  2. 两端分别形成新的 σ 键。

    New σ bonds form at both ends.

CH2=CH2 + H2O H3PO4, 300 °C⟶ CH3CH2OH

乙烯水合制乙醇。

Ethylene hydration to ethanol.

反应机理图Mechanism

红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.

1

π 电子进攻 H⁺,H 加到含氢较多的碳上

The π electrons attack H⁺; H adds to the carbon with more H

慢slow
2

生成较稳定的仲碳正离子,Br⁻ 再进攻

The more stable secondary cation forms, then Br⁻ attacks

快fast
3

2-溴丙烷(马氏规则)

2-Bromopropane (Markovnikov)

年表Timeline

  • 1870

    马尔科夫尼科夫规则

    Markovnikov’s rule

  • 1933

    卡拉施过氧化物效应(反马氏加成)

    Kharasch’s peroxide effect (anti-Markovnikov addition)