双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
机理 · 有机化学 · 反应机理 Organic chemistry · Reaction mechanisms

亲电加成Electrophilic addition

拼音Pinyin qīn diàn jiā chéng 别名Also 亲电加成反应; AdE reaction

定义Definition

亲电加成是亲电试剂(H⁺、Br⁺ 等)先进攻烯烃或炔烃的 π 电子,生成碳正离子或鎓离子中间体,再由亲核部分加上,完成对不饱和键加成的反应。

Electrophilic addition begins with an electrophile (H⁺, Br⁺, …) attacking the π electrons of an alkene or alkyne to form a carbocation or onium-ion intermediate, which a nucleophile then captures to complete the addition.

加 HX 与马氏规则HX addition and Markovnikov’s rule

H⁺ 加到含氢较多的双键碳上,生成更稳定的碳正离子(叔 > 仲 > 伯),X⁻ 再加到正离子上。这就是马尔科夫尼科夫规则的机理解释。碳正离子中间体可能重排。

H⁺ adds to the carbon with more hydrogens, giving the more stable cation (3° > 2° > 1°), which X⁻ captures — the mechanistic basis of Markovnikov’s rule. Rearrangements can occur.

加卤素:反式加成Halogen addition: anti

Br₂ 与烯烃生成三元环溴鎓离子,Br⁻ 从背面开环,因此为反式加成:环己烯得反-1,2-二溴环己烷。在水中进行时水作亲核试剂得卤代醇(马氏方向,OH 在取代多的碳上)。

Br₂ forms a three-membered bromonium ion opened from the back by Br⁻, so addition is anti (cyclohexene → trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane). In water, water opens it to a halohydrin with OH on the more substituted carbon.

其他亲电加成Other electrophilic additions

酸催化水合;羟汞化–脱汞(马氏、不重排);共轭二烯的 1,2- 与 1,4-加成(动力学与热力学控制)。

Acid-catalysed hydration; oxymercuration–demercuration (Markovnikov without rearrangement); 1,2- versus 1,4-addition to conjugated dienes (kinetic versus thermodynamic control).

反应Reactions

R–CH=CH2 + HBr ⟶ R–CHBr–CH3马氏R–CH=CH2 + HBr ⟶ R–CHBr–CH3(Markovnikov)

无过氧化物,室温或低温

Peroxide-free, room or low temperature

  1. H⁺ 加到双键形成更稳定的碳正离子。

    H⁺ adds to give the more stable carbocation.

  2. Br⁻ 进攻碳正离子。

    Br⁻ captures the cation.

CH3CH=CH2 + HCl ⟶ CH3CHClCH3

丙烯加 HCl 得 2-氯丙烷。

Propene + HCl gives 2-chloropropane.

反应机理图Mechanism

红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.

1

π 电子进攻 H⁺,H 加到含氢较多的碳上

The π electrons attack H⁺; H adds to the carbon with more H

慢slow
2

生成较稳定的仲碳正离子,Br⁻ 再进攻

The more stable secondary cation forms, then Br⁻ attacks

快fast
3

2-溴丙烷(马氏规则)

2-Bromopropane (Markovnikov)

年表Timeline

  • 1870

    马尔科夫尼科夫规则

    Markovnikov’s rule

  • 1937

    罗伯茨与金博尔提出溴鎓离子

    Roberts and Kimball propose the bromonium ion

  • 1985

    布朗斯坦(R. S. Brown)等获得稳定溴鎓离子晶体结构

    A stable bromonium ion crystal structure is reported