定义Definition
亲电加成是亲电试剂(H⁺、Br⁺ 等)先进攻烯烃或炔烃的 π 电子,生成碳正离子或鎓离子中间体,再由亲核部分加上,完成对不饱和键加成的反应。
Electrophilic addition begins with an electrophile (H⁺, Br⁺, …) attacking the π electrons of an alkene or alkyne to form a carbocation or onium-ion intermediate, which a nucleophile then captures to complete the addition.
加 HX 与马氏规则HX addition and Markovnikov’s rule
H⁺ 加到含氢较多的双键碳上,生成更稳定的碳正离子(叔 > 仲 > 伯),X⁻ 再加到正离子上。这就是马尔科夫尼科夫规则的机理解释。碳正离子中间体可能重排。
H⁺ adds to the carbon with more hydrogens, giving the more stable cation (3° > 2° > 1°), which X⁻ captures — the mechanistic basis of Markovnikov’s rule. Rearrangements can occur.
加卤素:反式加成Halogen addition: anti
Br₂ 与烯烃生成三元环溴鎓离子,Br⁻ 从背面开环,因此为反式加成:环己烯得反-1,2-二溴环己烷。在水中进行时水作亲核试剂得卤代醇(马氏方向,OH 在取代多的碳上)。
Br₂ forms a three-membered bromonium ion opened from the back by Br⁻, so addition is anti (cyclohexene → trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane). In water, water opens it to a halohydrin with OH on the more substituted carbon.
其他亲电加成Other electrophilic additions
酸催化水合;羟汞化–脱汞(马氏、不重排);共轭二烯的 1,2- 与 1,4-加成(动力学与热力学控制)。
Acid-catalysed hydration; oxymercuration–demercuration (Markovnikov without rearrangement); 1,2- versus 1,4-addition to conjugated dienes (kinetic versus thermodynamic control).
反应Reactions
无过氧化物,室温或低温
Peroxide-free, room or low temperature
H⁺ 加到双键形成更稳定的碳正离子。
H⁺ adds to give the more stable carbocation.
Br⁻ 进攻碳正离子。
Br⁻ captures the cation.
丙烯加 HCl 得 2-氯丙烷。
Propene + HCl gives 2-chloropropane.
反应机理图Mechanism
红色弯箭头表示一对电子的移动方向:从电子来源(孤对电子或化学键)指向电子去向。Red curly arrows show where an electron pair moves: from its source (lone pair or bond) to its destination.
π 电子进攻 H⁺,H 加到含氢较多的碳上
The π electrons attack H⁺; H adds to the carbon with more H
生成较稳定的仲碳正离子,Br⁻ 再进攻
The more stable secondary cation forms, then Br⁻ attacks
2-溴丙烷(马氏规则)
2-Bromopropane (Markovnikov)
年表Timeline
- 1870
马尔科夫尼科夫规则
Markovnikov’s rule
- 1937
罗伯茨与金博尔提出溴鎓离子
Roberts and Kimball propose the bromonium ion
- 1985
布朗斯坦(R. S. Brown)等获得稳定溴鎓离子晶体结构
A stable bromonium ion crystal structure is reported