定义Definition
干燥器是一种带磨口盖子、内放干燥剂的厚壁玻璃（或塑料）容器，用于保存易吸湿的样品、冷却灼烧后的坩埚以及干燥少量固体。带抽气活塞的称为真空干燥器。
A desiccator is a thick-walled glass or plastic container with a ground lid and a desiccant inside, used to store moisture-sensitive samples, cool ignited crucibles and dry small amounts of solid. One with a vacuum tap is a vacuum desiccator.
结构与使用Design and use
下部装干燥剂（变色硅胶、无水 CaCl₂、P₂O₅ 或浓硫酸），中间放有孔瓷板放置样品，磨口涂一层薄凡士林以密封。开盖时一手按住干燥器，一手将盖子沿水平方向推开，不能向上提起；搬动时双手按住盖子。热坩埚放入后要先稍微推开盖子放气几次，防止冷却后内部减压使盖子难以打开。
The bottom holds desiccant (indicating silica gel, anhydrous CaCl₂, P₂O₅ or concentrated sulfuric acid), a perforated porcelain plate supports the samples, and a thin film of petroleum jelly seals the ground rim. Open it by holding the base with one hand and sliding the lid sideways with the other, never lifting it straight up, and hold the lid on with both hands when carrying it. After putting in a hot crucible, slide the lid open briefly a few times, or the partial vacuum formed on cooling will make it hard to open.
应用Applications
重量分析中坩埚和沉淀灼烧后需在干燥器中冷却至室温再称量，避免吸收空气中的水分；也用于保存基准物质、吸湿性试剂和光谱用的 KBr 等。真空干燥器配合减压可加快溶剂残留的去除。
In gravimetric analysis crucibles and precipitates are cooled to room temperature in a desiccator before weighing, so they do not pick up moisture; desiccators also store primary standards, hygroscopic reagents and spectroscopic KBr. Vacuum desiccators remove residual solvent faster.
现代替代Modern alternatives
电子防潮柜和真空干燥箱在许多实验室中替代了传统玻璃干燥器，用于长期保存和批量干燥。对空气和水都敏感的物质需用手套箱保存。
Electronic dry cabinets and vacuum ovens have replaced glass desiccators in many laboratories for long-term storage and batch drying, while substances sensitive to both air and moisture are kept in gloveboxes.
年表Timeline
- 19 世纪
玻璃干燥器在分析化学中普及
Glass desiccators become standard in analytical chemistry