环氧树脂Epoxy

三元环氧乙烷环张力大，易被亲核试剂开环。伯胺的每个 N–H 都能进攻环氧基的碳，开环生成仲醇和仲胺，仲胺再继续反应，多官能团单体由此形成交联网络。计量时按环氧当量与胺氢当量 1:1 配比。固化放热，固化后的玻璃化温度取决于网络结构和固化温度。生成的羟基与金属、玻璃表面形成氢键，赋予优异的黏结力。

The strained three-membered epoxide ring opens easily under nucleophilic attack. Each N–H of a primary amine attacks an epoxide carbon, opening it to give a secondary alcohol and a secondary amine, which reacts again, so multifunctional monomers build a crosslinked network. Formulations balance epoxide equivalents against amine-hydrogen equivalents 1:1. Curing is exothermic, and the final glass transition depends on network structure and cure temperature. The hydroxyl groups formed hydrogen-bond to metal and glass surfaces, giving excellent adhesion.

1934 年德国的施拉克获得胺与环氧化合物反应制备树脂的专利。1936 年前后瑞士的卡斯坦和美国的格林利各自独立开发出双酚 A 型环氧树脂。1946 年汽巴公司以 Araldite 商标推出环氧胶黏剂。此后环氧树脂广泛用于涂料、复合材料和电子封装。

In 1934 Paul Schlack in Germany patented resins from amines and epoxides. Around 1936 Pierre Castan in Switzerland and Sylvan Greenlee in the United States independently developed bisphenol A epoxy resins. Ciba launched Araldite epoxy adhesive in 1946, and epoxies spread into coatings, composites and electronics packaging.

环氧树脂是碳纤维和玻璃纤维复合材料的主要基体，用于飞机、风电叶片和体育器材；也用于防腐涂料、地坪、电路板（FR-4）、芯片封装和结构胶（“AB 胶”）。未固化的树脂和胺类固化剂是常见的皮肤致敏原，操作时应戴手套。双酚 A 的内分泌干扰作用也受到关注。

Epoxy is the main matrix for carbon- and glass-fibre composites in aircraft, wind-turbine blades and sports equipment, and is used in anticorrosion coatings, floors, circuit boards (FR-4), chip encapsulation and two-part structural adhesives. Uncured resins and amine hardeners are common skin sensitisers, so wear gloves. The endocrine effects of bisphenol A are also a concern.