气相色谱-质谱联用Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

色谱柱流出物经传输线进入质谱离子源，最常用电子轰击离子化（EI，70 eV），产生分子离子和特征碎片离子；质量分析器（四极杆、离子阱、飞行时间）按 m/z 分离。70 eV EI 质谱重现性好，可与 NIST 等数十万张标准谱图库自动检索比对。选择离子监测（SIM）只检测特征离子，灵敏度可达 pg 级，适合痕量定量。化学离子化（CI）为软离子化，可得到较强的准分子离子峰。

Column effluent passes through a transfer line into the ion source, usually electron ionisation (EI, 70 eV), which gives a molecular ion and characteristic fragments; a quadrupole, ion trap or time-of-flight analyser separates them by m/z. 70 eV EI spectra are highly reproducible and are matched automatically against libraries such as NIST with hundreds of thousands of spectra. Selected-ion monitoring (SIM) records only characteristic ions, reaching picogram sensitivity for trace quantification. Chemical ionisation (CI), a softer method, gives stronger quasi-molecular ions.

1950 年代末，美国陶氏化学的戈尔克和麦克拉弗蒂首次把气相色谱与飞行时间质谱联用。1960 年代比曼等改进了色谱-质谱接口；1970 年代计算机控制的四极杆 GC-MS 商品化，并随着毛细管柱的普及成为常规分析仪器。

In the late 1950s Gohlke and McLafferty at Dow Chemical first coupled a gas chromatograph to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Biemann and others improved the interface in the 1960s, and computer-controlled quadrupole GC-MS was commercialised in the 1970s, becoming routine as capillary columns spread.

GC-MS 被称为分析化学的“金标准”，广泛用于法医毒物和毒品检测、兴奋剂检测、环境中二噁英和持久性有机污染物分析、食品香味成分和农药残留、石油地球化学生物标志物、代谢组学、机场爆炸物检测，以及行星探测器上的有机物分析（如火星探测器）。

GC-MS is often called the gold standard of analytical chemistry and is used for forensic toxicology and drug testing, doping control, dioxins and persistent organic pollutants, flavour compounds and pesticide residues in food, petroleum biomarkers, metabolomics, explosives screening at airports and organic analysis on planetary probes such as Mars landers.