双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
本科Undergraduate 量子力学基础与模型体系 Quantum mechanics & model systems

原子轨道的角度部分(实球谐函数)Angular parts of atomic orbitals (real spherical harmonics)

\[s:\ \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}};\quad p_z:\ \sqrt{\tfrac{3}{4\pi}}\cos\theta;\quad d_{z^2}:\ \sqrt{\tfrac{5}{16\pi}}(3\cos^2\theta - 1);\quad d_{xz}:\ \sqrt{\tfrac{15}{4\pi}}\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos\phi\]
其他实轨道other real orbitals
\[p_x \propto \sin\theta\cos\phi,\quad p_y \propto \sin\theta\sin\phi,\quad d_{x^2-y^2} \propto \sin^2\theta\cos2\phi,\quad d_{xy} \propto \sin^2\theta\sin2\phi\]

含义Meaning

轨道“形状”来自角度函数。把 \(|Y|\) 画在极坐标上即得熟悉的 s 球、p 哑铃、d 四叶形;正负号(相位)决定成键时的重叠方式。

Orbital ‘shapes’ come from the angular functions. Plotting |Y| in polar coordinates gives the familiar s sphere, p dumbbell and d cloverleaf; the sign (phase) governs bonding overlap.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\theta\)与 z 轴夹角polar angle from zrad
\(\phi\)方位角azimuthal anglerad
\(Y_l^m\)球谐函数spherical harmonic1

推导Derivation

  1. 角向方程的解为复球谐函数 \(Y_l^m \propto P_l^{|m|}(\cos\theta)e^{im\phi}\)。

    The angular solutions are complex \(Y_l^m \propto P_l^{|m|}(\cos\theta)e^{im\phi}\).

  2. ±m 两个复函数线性组合(同一能量,可任意组合)得实函数:\(p_x = (Y_1^{-1} - Y_1^{1})/\sqrt2\) 等。

    Combining ±m pairs (degenerate) gives real functions, e.g. \(p_x = (Y_1^{-1} - Y_1^{1})/\sqrt2\).

  3. 角节面数 = l:p 有 1 个(如 p_z 的 xy 平面),d 有 2 个(d_z² 为两个圆锥面 θ = 54.7°、125.3°)。

    There are l angular nodes; for d_z² they are cones at θ = 54.7° and 125.3°.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 极坐标图只表示角度依赖,不是电子云的真实大小;完整轨道还需乘径向部分(等值面图)。

    Polar plots show angular dependence only; full orbitals need the radial part (isosurfaces).