含义Meaning
元素特征 X 射线频率的平方根与原子序数呈线性关系(1913)。它证明原子序数等于核电荷数,是周期表按 Z 而非原子量排序的物理依据,并预言了当时缺失的元素(43、61、72、75)。
The square root of characteristic X-ray frequency is linear in atomic number (1913). It showed Z is the nuclear charge, justified ordering the periodic table by Z rather than mass, and predicted missing elements (43, 61, 72, 75).
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(\nu_{K\alpha}\) | Kα 线频率Kα frequency | Hz |
| \(\sigma\) | 屏蔽常数(Kα 约 1)screening constant (≈1 for Kα) | 1 |
推导Derivation
Kα 线:L 层(n = 2)电子落入 K 层(n = 1)空穴。
Kα: an L electron (n = 2) fills a K-shell hole (n = 1).
K 层剩下的一个电子屏蔽核电荷约 1,有效核电荷 Z − 1,用类氢能级:\(h\nu = hcR(Z-1)^2(1 - 1/4)\)。
The remaining K electron screens about one charge, so use hydrogen-like levels with Z − 1.
开方得 \(\sqrt\nu \propto Z - 1\)。
Taking the square root gives linearity.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
简单屏蔽模型;重元素相对论效应使其偏离线性。
A simple screening model; heavy elements deviate (relativity).
例题Worked example
Cu(Z = 29):λ(Kα) ≈ 1/(0.75×1.097×10⁷×28²) = 0.155 nm(实测 0.154 nm)。
Cu Kα predicted 0.155 nm (measured 0.154 nm).