双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
\[\sqrt\nu = k\,(Z - \sigma),\qquad \nu_{K\alpha} \approx \frac34\,cR_\infty(Z - 1)^2\]

含义Meaning

元素特征 X 射线频率的平方根与原子序数呈线性关系(1913)。它证明原子序数等于核电荷数,是周期表按 Z 而非原子量排序的物理依据,并预言了当时缺失的元素(43、61、72、75)。

The square root of characteristic X-ray frequency is linear in atomic number (1913). It showed Z is the nuclear charge, justified ordering the periodic table by Z rather than mass, and predicted missing elements (43, 61, 72, 75).

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(\nu_{K\alpha}\)Kα 线频率Kα frequencyHz
\(\sigma\)屏蔽常数(Kα 约 1)screening constant (≈1 for Kα)1

推导Derivation

  1. Kα 线:L 层(n = 2)电子落入 K 层(n = 1)空穴。

    Kα: an L electron (n = 2) fills a K-shell hole (n = 1).

  2. K 层剩下的一个电子屏蔽核电荷约 1,有效核电荷 Z − 1,用类氢能级:\(h\nu = hcR(Z-1)^2(1 - 1/4)\)。

    The remaining K electron screens about one charge, so use hydrogen-like levels with Z − 1.

  3. 开方得 \(\sqrt\nu \propto Z - 1\)。

    Taking the square root gives linearity.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 简单屏蔽模型;重元素相对论效应使其偏离线性。

    A simple screening model; heavy elements deviate (relativity).

例题Worked example

Cu(Z = 29):λ(Kα) ≈ 1/(0.75×1.097×10⁷×28²) = 0.155 nm(实测 0.154 nm)。

Cu Kα predicted 0.155 nm (measured 0.154 nm).