含义Meaning
滴定过程中 pH 随滴定剂体积的变化。计量点附近出现 pH 突跃,指示剂的变色范围必须落在突跃内。弱酸半中和点 pH = pKa。
pH versus titrant volume. A pH jump appears at equivalence, and the indicator’s range must fall inside it. For a weak acid, pH = pKa at half-neutralisation.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(c_a, V_a\) | 被滴酸的浓度与体积acid concentration and volume | mol·L⁻¹, mL |
| \(c_b, V_b\) | 滴定剂(碱)浓度与已加体积titrant concentration and volume added | mol·L⁻¹, mL |
| \(V_e\) | 计量点体积equivalence volume | mL |
推导Derivation
强酸–强碱:电荷平衡 \([\mathrm H^+] + [\mathrm{Na^+}] = [\mathrm{Cl^-}] + [\mathrm{OH^-}]\),代入浓度并与 Kw 联立解出 [H⁺](本图即按此精确计算)。
Strong–strong: charge balance with Kw gives [H⁺] exactly (as plotted).
弱酸:计量点前为 HA/A⁻ 缓冲(亨德森方程),计量点为 A⁻ 的水解(pH > 7),计量点后由过量 OH⁻ 决定。
Weak acid: buffer region, then hydrolysis of A⁻ at equivalence (pH > 7), then excess OH⁻.
突跃大小随浓度增大而增大(强酸)或随 Ka 增大而增大(弱酸)。
The jump grows with concentration and with Ka.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
指示剂选择:强酸–强碱可用甲基橙、酚酞;弱酸–强碱用酚酞(变色 8.2–10);弱酸–弱碱无明显突跃,不宜直接滴定。
Indicators: any for strong–strong; phenolphthalein for weak acid–strong base; weak–weak titrations lack a usable jump.