定义Definition
试管是一端封闭成圆底、一端开口的细长玻璃管，用于少量试剂的反应、加热和性质检验。它是中学和大学化学实验中使用最频繁的仪器之一。
A test tube is a narrow glass tube closed at one rounded end and open at the other, used for reactions, heating and tests with small amounts of reagents. It is among the most used items in school and university chemistry.
使用要点Practical points
盛装液体不超过容积的 1/2，加热时不超过 1/3；用试管夹夹在距管口约 1/3 处；加热液体时试管倾斜约 45°，管口不能对着自己或他人，先均匀预热再集中加热；加热固体时管口略向下倾斜，防止冷凝水倒流使试管炸裂。
Fill to no more than half, or a third when heating; hold with a test-tube holder about a third of the way down from the mouth; heat liquids with the tube tilted at about 45°, mouth pointing away from everyone, warming evenly before heating strongly; heat solids with the mouth tilted slightly down so condensed water cannot run back and crack the tube.
类型Types
普通试管用于常温反应；硬质试管（硼硅玻璃）可直接加热；具支试管带侧管，用于气体制备和导出；离心试管为尖底，用于离心分离；比色管用于目视比色分析；核磁共振管是精密的薄壁细管。
Ordinary tubes serve room-temperature reactions; hard borosilicate tubes can be heated directly; side-arm tubes are used to prepare and collect gases; pointed centrifuge tubes are used in centrifuges; Nessler tubes serve visual colorimetry; and NMR tubes are precision thin-walled tubes.
由来Origin
试管的使用可追溯到 19 世纪初，英国化学家法拉第等人常用试管进行小规模实验。贝采利乌斯推广了用少量试剂在试管中进行定性分析的方法，奠定了系统定性分析的基础。
Test tubes came into use in the early nineteenth century, when Faraday and others used them for small-scale experiments, and Berzelius popularised qualitative analysis with small amounts of reagent in tubes, laying the groundwork for systematic qualitative analysis.
年表Timeline
- 19 世纪初
试管在实验室普及
Test tubes spread through laboratories