定义Definition
烧杯是一种圆筒形、平底、开口宽、带倾倒嘴的玻璃（或塑料）容器，用于溶解、混合、加热、配制溶液和进行简单反应。它是化学实验室最基本的仪器之一。
A beaker is a cylindrical, flat-bottomed, wide-mouthed glass or plastic container with a pouring lip, used for dissolving, mixing, heating, preparing solutions and simple reactions. It is one of the most basic pieces of laboratory equipment.
特点与使用Features and use
实验室烧杯多用硼硅酸盐玻璃（如派热克斯玻璃）制成，热膨胀系数低、耐温度骤变。可放在石棉网上加热，但不能直接用火焰加热或干烧。杯壁上的刻度只是近似值（误差约 ±5%），不能用于准确量取体积。高型烧杯适合滴定和沉淀，低型烧杯（格里芬烧杯）最常用。
Laboratory beakers are usually borosilicate glass such as Pyrex, with low thermal expansion and good resistance to thermal shock. They can be heated on a gauze but never directly in a flame or when empty. Their graduations are approximate, about ±5%, and must not be used for accurate volumes. Tall-form beakers suit titrations and precipitations; low-form (Griffin) beakers are the most common.
由来Origin
英国化学家约翰·约瑟夫·格里芬在 19 世纪设计了现在常用的带倾倒嘴的低型烧杯。1915 年美国康宁公司推出派热克斯硼硅酸盐玻璃，使实验玻璃器皿的耐热性大大提高。
The British chemist John Joseph Griffin designed the familiar low-form beaker with a spout in the nineteenth century. Corning's Pyrex borosilicate glass of 1915 greatly improved the heat resistance of laboratory glassware.
材料Materials
除玻璃外，还有聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯烧杯（用于氢氟酸，因 HF 会腐蚀玻璃：SiO₂ + 4 HF → SiF₄ + 2 H₂O）和石英烧杯（耐高温、紫外透明）。
Besides glass there are polypropylene and PTFE beakers, the latter for hydrofluoric acid, which attacks glass (SiO₂ + 4 HF → SiF₄ + 2 H₂O), and quartz beakers for high temperatures and UV transparency.
年表Timeline
- 19 世纪
格里芬设计低型烧杯
Griffin designs the low-form beaker
- 1915
派热克斯硼硅酸盐玻璃问世
Pyrex borosilicate glass appears