含义Meaning
把参与断键的 H 换成 D 后反应变慢。一级同位素效应(C–H 键在决速步断裂)在室温下最大约 7;明显超过此值提示量子隧穿。
Replacing a bond-breaking H with D slows the reaction. Primary KIEs (C–H broken in the rate-determining step) reach about 7 at room temperature; larger values suggest tunnelling.
符号说明Symbols
| 符号Symbol | 含义 Meaning | 单位 Unit |
|---|---|---|
| \(k_\mathrm{H}, k_\mathrm{D}\) | 含 H、含 D 反应物的速率常数rate constants for H and D isotopologues | s⁻¹ |
| \(\tilde\nu\) | C–H / C–D 伸缩振动波数C–H / C–D stretching wavenumber | cm⁻¹ |
推导Derivation
同位素不改变势能面,只改变振动频率:\(\tilde\nu \propto \sqrt{k/\mu}\),μ(C–D) ≈ 2μ(C–H),故 \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{D} \approx \tilde\nu_\mathrm{H}/\sqrt2\)。
Isotopes leave the potential surface unchanged but lower frequencies: \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{D} \approx \tilde\nu_\mathrm{H}/\sqrt2\).
C–H 的零点能 \(\tfrac12hc\tilde\nu\) 比 C–D 高;若该振动在过渡态中变成反应坐标而消失,则 H 的活化能低了二者零点能之差。
C–H has higher zero-point energy; if this vibration becomes the reaction coordinate at the TS, the H barrier is lower by the ZPE difference.
代入 \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{H} = 2900\ \mathrm{cm^{-1}}\):ΔZPE ≈ 4.8 kJ/mol,\(k_\mathrm{H}/k_\mathrm{D} \approx 7\)(25 °C)。
With 2900 cm⁻¹: ΔZPE ≈ 4.8 kJ/mol, KIE ≈ 7 at 25 °C.
二级同位素效应(D 不在断裂键上)通常为 0.8–1.4,可判断杂化变化(sp³→sp² 正常,sp²→sp³ 反常)。
Secondary KIEs (D not on the broken bond) are 0.8–1.4 and report hybridisation changes.
适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations
简化模型只计伸缩振动的零点能,忽略弯曲振动和过渡态残留振动;对称过渡态时 KIE 最大。
Counts only stretch ZPE; KIE is maximal for a symmetric TS.
隧穿可使 KIE 达 20–100(如某些酶的 H 转移)。
Tunnelling can push KIE to 20–100 (some enzymatic H transfers).