双语化学辞典Chem Lexicon
研究生Graduate 结构、立体化学与物理有机 Structure, stereochemistry & physical organic chemistry

动力学同位素效应Kinetic isotope effect

\[\frac{k_\mathrm{H}}{k_\mathrm{D}} \approx \exp\!\left[\frac{h c\,(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{H} - \tilde\nu_\mathrm{D})}{2k_\mathrm{B}T}\right],\qquad \tilde\nu_\mathrm{D} \approx \frac{\tilde\nu_\mathrm{H}}{\sqrt2}\]

含义Meaning

把参与断键的 H 换成 D 后反应变慢。一级同位素效应(C–H 键在决速步断裂)在室温下最大约 7;明显超过此值提示量子隧穿。

Replacing a bond-breaking H with D slows the reaction. Primary KIEs (C–H broken in the rate-determining step) reach about 7 at room temperature; larger values suggest tunnelling.

符号说明Symbols

符号Symbol含义 Meaning单位 Unit
\(k_\mathrm{H}, k_\mathrm{D}\)含 H、含 D 反应物的速率常数rate constants for H and D isotopologuess⁻¹
\(\tilde\nu\)C–H / C–D 伸缩振动波数C–H / C–D stretching wavenumbercm⁻¹

推导Derivation

  1. 同位素不改变势能面,只改变振动频率:\(\tilde\nu \propto \sqrt{k/\mu}\),μ(C–D) ≈ 2μ(C–H),故 \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{D} \approx \tilde\nu_\mathrm{H}/\sqrt2\)。

    Isotopes leave the potential surface unchanged but lower frequencies: \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{D} \approx \tilde\nu_\mathrm{H}/\sqrt2\).

  2. C–H 的零点能 \(\tfrac12hc\tilde\nu\) 比 C–D 高;若该振动在过渡态中变成反应坐标而消失,则 H 的活化能低了二者零点能之差。

    C–H has higher zero-point energy; if this vibration becomes the reaction coordinate at the TS, the H barrier is lower by the ZPE difference.

  3. 代入 \(\tilde\nu_\mathrm{H} = 2900\ \mathrm{cm^{-1}}\):ΔZPE ≈ 4.8 kJ/mol,\(k_\mathrm{H}/k_\mathrm{D} \approx 7\)(25 °C)。

    With 2900 cm⁻¹: ΔZPE ≈ 4.8 kJ/mol, KIE ≈ 7 at 25 °C.

  4. 二级同位素效应(D 不在断裂键上)通常为 0.8–1.4,可判断杂化变化(sp³→sp² 正常,sp²→sp³ 反常)。

    Secondary KIEs (D not on the broken bond) are 0.8–1.4 and report hybridisation changes.

适用条件与局限Assumptions & limitations

  • 简化模型只计伸缩振动的零点能,忽略弯曲振动和过渡态残留振动;对称过渡态时 KIE 最大。

    Counts only stretch ZPE; KIE is maximal for a symmetric TS.

  • 隧穿可使 KIE 达 20–100(如某些酶的 H 转移)。

    Tunnelling can push KIE to 20–100 (some enzymatic H transfers).